Private Pilot Syllabus

Every lesson to the checkride, with the ACS tasks it covers and the study-guide questions to read first.

Before your first solo

From your first lesson to flying the airplane alone in the traffic pattern.

Lesson 1: Your first lesson

Flight lesson · 2 hours, about 1 hour flying

How the airplane flies and what each control does, and the student pilot and medical certificates you need before you solo, then preflight, start, and taxi, and climbs, turns, and descents with trim and a scan for traffic.

What it covers

  • PA.I.G Operation of Systems · flight controls · 2 questions
    ACS standard for PA.I.G

    You should be able to explain:

    • Airplane systems, including:
      1. Primary flight controls
      2. Secondary flight controls

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.G.

  • Student pilot and medical certificates, 14 CFR 61.83 and 61.23
  • PA.II.A Preflight Assessment · 5 questions
    ACS standard for PA.II.A

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
    • Verify the airplane is in condition for safe flight and conforms to its type design.
    • Perform self-assessment.
    • Continue to assess the environment for safe flight.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task II.A.

  • PA.II.B Flight Deck Management · 6 questions
    ACS standard for PA.II.B

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Secure all items in the aircraft.
    • Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.
    • Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.
    • Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task II.B.

  • PA.II.C Engine Starting · 2 questions
    ACS standard for PA.II.C

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, wind, and the safety of nearby persons and property.
    • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task II.C.

  • PA.II.D Taxiing · 12 questions
    ACS standard for PA.II.D

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
    • Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.
    • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
    • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
    • Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.
    • Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
    • Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.
    • Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task II.D.

  • PA.II.F Before Takeoff Check · 4 questions
    ACS standard for PA.II.F

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Review takeoff performance.
    • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
    • Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.
    • Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.
    • Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task II.F.

  • Straight and level, climbs, turns, and descents, with and without flaps
  • PA.XII.A After Landing, Parking, and Securing · 3 questions
    ACS standard for PA.XII.A

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.
    • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
    • Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
    • Secure the airplane.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task XII.A.

Lesson 2: Slow flight and stalls

Flight lesson · 2.5 hours, about 1.3 hours flying

Flying at every speed from cruise to slow flight, then power-off and power-on stalls, recovering both at the first sign of a stall and after a full stall.

What it covers

  • PA.VII.A Maneuvering During Slow Flight · 3 questions
    ACS standard for PA.VII.A

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Clear the area.
    • Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
    • Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
    • Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.A.

  • Stall entries with recovery at the first indication of a stall and from a full stall, 14 CFR 61.87(d)(10)
  • PA.VII.B Power-Off Stalls · 4 questions
    ACS standard for PA.VII.B

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Clear the area.
    • Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
    • Establish a stabilized descent.
    • Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.
    • Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
    • Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
    • Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
    • Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
    • Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
    • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.B.

  • PA.VII.C Power-On Stalls · 2 questions
    ACS standard for PA.VII.C

    On the checkride, you will:

    • Clear the area.
    • Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
    • Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.
    • Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.
    • Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
    • Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
    • Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).
    • Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
    • Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
    • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

    From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.C.

  • PA.VII.D Spin Awareness · 1 question
    ACS standard for PA.VII.D

    On the checkride, you will:

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.D.

    Lesson 3: How the airplane flies, and its engine, systems, and instruments

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    Lift, drag, stalls, and load factor, how the engine, fuel, electrical, and pitot-static systems work, and what the instruments tell you.

    What it covers

    • PA.I.F Performance and Limitations · aerodynamics · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.F

      You should be able to explain:

      • Aerodynamics.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.F.

    • PA.I.G Operation of Systems · engine, fuel, electrical, and instruments · 20 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.G

      You should be able to explain:

      • Airplane systems, including:
        1. Powerplant and propeller
        2. Landing gear
        3. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic
        4. Electrical
        5. Avionics
        6. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
        7. Environmental
        8. Deicing and anti-icing
        9. Oxygen system
      • Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.G.

    Lesson 4: Steep turns and ground reference maneuvers

    Flight lesson · 2.5 hours, about 1.6 hours flying

    Holding a steep bank and tracking over the ground in a wind, then a first look at the traffic pattern.

    What it covers

    • PA.V.A Steep Turns · 4 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
      • Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
      • Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
      • Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.A.

    • PA.V.B Ground Reference Maneuvers · 2 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
      • Plan the maneuver:
        1. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
        2. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
        3. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
      • Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
      • If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
      • Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
      • Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.B.

    • PA.III.B Traffic Patterns · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.III.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.
      • Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.
      • Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
      • Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
      • Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
      • Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task III.B.

    Lesson 5: Airports, airspace, and the radio

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    Runway markings and signs, finding answers in the Aeronautical Information Manual, the airspace around KPWK in Wheeling and KDPA in West Chicago, talking to the tower, and avoiding other traffic, wake turbulence, and windshear.

    What it covers

    • PA.III.A Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems · 11 questions
      ACS standard for PA.III.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Select and activate appropriate frequencies.
      • Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.
      • Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task III.A.

    • PA.I.E National Airspace System · 13 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.E

      You should be able to explain:

      • Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
      • Chart symbols.
      • Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
      • Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.E.

    • Using the Aeronautical Information Manual and FAA advisory circulars, 14 CFR 61.105(b)(3)

    Lesson 6: The traffic pattern and landings

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 1.9 hours flying

    Pattern entries and departures, stabilized approaches, normal and crosswind landings, and go-arounds.

    What it covers

    • PA.III.B Traffic Patterns · review · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.III.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.
      • Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.
      • Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
      • Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
      • Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
      • Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task III.B.

    • PA.IV.A Normal Takeoff and Climb · 6 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
      • Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.A.

    • PA.IV.B Normal Approach and Landing · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
      • Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.B.

    • PA.IV.N Go-Around/Rejected Landing · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.N

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
      • Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
      • Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
      • Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.N.

    • Collision avoidance, wake turbulence, and windshear in the pattern, 14 CFR 61.87(d)(7)

    Lesson 7: Emergencies

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

    Engine failures, forced landings, fires, and systems failures, then more landings.

    What it covers

    • PA.IX.A Emergency Descent · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IX.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.
      • Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.
      • Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.
      • Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.
      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IX.A.

    • PA.IX.B Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IX.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.
      • Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.
      • Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
      • Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.
      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IX.B.

    • PA.IX.C Systems and Equipment Malfunctions · 12 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IX.C

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.
      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IX.C.

    • PA.IX.D Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear · 5 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IX.D

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Identify appropriate equipment and personal gear.
      • Brief passengers on proper use of on-board emergency equipment and survival gear.
      • Simulate ballistic parachute deployment procedures, if equipped.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IX.D.

    Lesson 8: Pilot certificates, regulations, and airworthiness

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    What a student pilot may do, the documents, inspections, and equipment an airplane needs, and what to report after an accident.

    What it covers

    • PA.I.A Pilot Qualifications · 19 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.A

      You should be able to explain:

      • Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
      • Privileges and limitations.
      • Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
      • Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
      • Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.A.

    • PA.I.B Airworthiness Requirements · 16 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.B

      You should be able to explain:

      • General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:
        1. Location and expiration dates of required aircraft certificates
        2. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation
        3. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
        4. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
        5. Owner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
      • Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
      • Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:
        1. Flying with inoperative equipment
        2. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
        3. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
        4. Required discrepancy records or placards
      • Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.B.

    • Student pilot limitations, 14 CFR 61.89
    • Accident and incident reporting, 49 CFR part 830

    Lesson 9: Landings until they are consistent

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

    Crosswinds, slips, go-arounds, and no-flap landings in the pattern.

    What it covers

    • PA.IV.M Forward Slip to a Landing · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IV.M

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
      • Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.
      • Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.
      • Configure the airplane correctly.
      • As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
      • Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.M.

    • PA.IV.B Normal Approach and Landing · review · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
      • Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.B.

    • PA.IV.N Go-Around/Rejected Landing · review · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.N

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
      • Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
      • Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
      • Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.N.

    Lesson 10: Ready to solo

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

    Slow flight, stalls, ground reference maneuvers, and simulated engine failures to the standard for solo, then landings.

    What it covers

    • PA.VII.A Maneuvering During Slow Flight · review · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.VII.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
      • Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
      • Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.A.

    • PA.VII.B Power-Off Stalls · review · 4 questions
      ACS standard for PA.VII.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
      • Establish a stabilized descent.
      • Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.
      • Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
      • Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
      • Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
      • Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
      • Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
      • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.B.

    • PA.VII.C Power-On Stalls · review · 2 questions
      ACS standard for PA.VII.C

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
      • Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.
      • Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.
      • Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
      • Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
      • Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).
      • Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
      • Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
      • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.C.

    • PA.V.B Ground Reference Maneuvers · review · 2 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
      • Plan the maneuver:
        1. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
        2. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
        3. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
      • Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
      • If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
      • Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
      • Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.B.

    • PA.IX.B Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) · review · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IX.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.
      • Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.
      • Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
      • Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.
      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IX.B.

    • PA.IV.B Normal Approach and Landing · review · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
      • Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.B.

    Lesson 11: The pre-solo knowledge test

    Ground lesson · 2 hours

    The written test before your first solo, on the rules of parts 61 and 91, the airspace of each airport you will solo from, and the airplane you fly, then a review of every answer.

    What it covers

    • Pre-solo knowledge test, 14 CFR 61.87(b)

    Lesson 12: First solo

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2 hours flying, the last of it solo

    Pattern work with your instructor, then three takeoffs and landings on your own.

    What it covers

    • Solo endorsement and first solo, 14 CFR 61.87(n)
    • PA.IV.A Normal Takeoff and Climb · review · 6 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
      • Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.A.

    • PA.IV.B Normal Approach and Landing · review · 7 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
      • Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.B.

    Performance landings, instruments, and night

    Short and soft fields, flying by instruments, and flying after dark.

    Lesson 13: Solo practice

    Solo flight · about 1.5 hours

    Maneuvers in the practice area and landings in the pattern, on your own.

    What it covers

    • PA.V.A Steep Turns · review · 4 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
      • Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
      • Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
      • Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.A.

    • PA.V.B Ground Reference Maneuvers · review · 2 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
      • Plan the maneuver:
        1. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
        2. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
        3. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
      • Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
      • If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
      • Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
      • Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.B.

    • PA.VII.A Maneuvering During Slow Flight · review · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.VII.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
      • Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
      • Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VII.A.

    • Solo flights stay clear of the Chicago Class B airspace, 14 CFR 61.95

    Lesson 14: Performance and weight and balance

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    Density altitude, takeoff and landing distances, and loading the airplane.

    What it covers

    • PA.I.F Performance and Limitations · performance charts and weight and balance · 8 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.F

      You should be able to explain:

      • Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
      • Factors affecting performance, including:
        1. Atmospheric conditions
        2. Pilot technique
        3. Airplane configuration
        4. Airport environment
        5. Loading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]
        6. Weight and balance

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.F.

    Lesson 15: Short-field and soft-field takeoffs and landings

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

    Getting in and out of a short runway or a soft surface, and climbing at best angle and best rate.

    What it covers

    • PA.IV.C Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.C

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
      • Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
      • Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
      • Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
      • Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
      • Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
      • Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.C.

    • PA.IV.D Soft-Field Approach and Landing · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IV.D

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
      • Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.
      • Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.D.

    • PA.IV.E Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IV.E

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
      • Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
      • Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
      • Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
      • Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
      • Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.E.

    • PA.IV.F Short-Field Approach and Landing · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IV.F

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
      • Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
      • Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
      • Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
      • Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
      • Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
      • Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
      • Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
      • Use manufacturer’s recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.
      • Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
      • Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.F.

    Lesson 16: Weather

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    How weather forms, the hazards it brings, reading reports and forecasts, and judging visibility from the cockpit.

    What it covers

    • PA.I.C Weather Information · 50 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.C

      You should be able to explain:

      • Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
      • Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
        1. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
        2. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
        3. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
        4. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
        5. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
        6. Convective Outlook (AC)
        7. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
      • Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
        1. Atmospheric composition and stability
        2. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
        3. Temperature and heat exchange
        4. Moisture/precipitation
        5. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts
        6. Clouds
        7. Turbulence
        8. Thunderstorms and microbursts
        9. Icing and freezing level information
        10. Fog/mist
        11. Frost
        12. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
      • Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.C.

    Lesson 17: Flying by reference to instruments

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying, 1.5 of it by instruments

    Controlling the airplane with no outside view, and recovering from unusual attitudes.

    What it covers

    • PA.VIII.A Straight-and-Level Flight · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.VIII.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Maintain straight-and-level flight using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
      • Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.A.

    • PA.VIII.B Constant Airspeed Climbs
      ACS standard for PA.VIII.B

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
      • Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
      • Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.B.

    • PA.VIII.C Constant Airspeed Descents
      ACS standard for PA.VIII.C

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
      • Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
      • Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.C.

    • PA.VIII.D Turns to Headings
      ACS standard for PA.VIII.D

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Turn to headings, maintain altitude ±200 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.D.

    • PA.VIII.E Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.VIII.E

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
      • Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.E.

    • 1.5 of the 3 hours by instruments, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(3)

    Lesson 18: Solo practice

    Solo flight · about 1.5 hours

    Short-field and soft-field takeoffs and landings, and maneuvers, on your own.

    What it covers

    • PA.IV.C Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb · review · 3 questions
      ACS standard for PA.IV.C

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
      • Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
      • Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
      • Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
      • Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
      • Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
      • Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.C.

    • PA.IV.E Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb · review · 1 question
      ACS standard for PA.IV.E

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
      • Make radio calls as appropriate.
      • Verify assigned/correct runway.
      • Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
      • Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
      • Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
      • Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
      • Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
      • Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
      • Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
      • Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
      • Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
      • Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
      • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
      • Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task IV.E.

    • PA.V.A Steep Turns · review · 4 questions
      ACS standard for PA.V.A

      On the checkride, you will:

      • Clear the area.
      • Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
      • Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
      • Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
      • Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task V.A.

    Lesson 19: Human factors and night flying

    Ground lesson · 3 hours

    Fitness to fly, decision-making, night vision and illusions, and airport and aircraft lighting.

    What it covers

    • PA.I.H Human Factors · 18 questions
      ACS standard for PA.I.H

      You should be able to explain:

      • Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
        1. Hypoxia
        2. Hyperventilation
        3. Middle ear and sinus problems
        4. Spatial disorientation
        5. Motion sickness
        6. Carbon monoxide poisoning
        7. Stress
        8. Fatigue
        9. Dehydration and nutrition
        10. Hypothermia
        11. Optical illusions
        12. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
      • Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
      • Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
      • Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.

      From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.H.

    Lesson 20: Night

    Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying, at night

    Ten takeoffs and ten full-stop landings in the traffic pattern, and flying by the lights of the ground.

    What it covers

    • PA.XI.A Night Operations · 15 questions
      ACS standard for PA.XI.A

      On the checkride, you will:

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task XI.A.

      • 10 night takeoffs and 10 full-stop landings, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(2)(ii)

      Cross-country

      Planning and flying to other airports, with an instructor and then solo.

      Lesson 21: Planning a cross-country

      Ground lesson · 3 hours

      Charts, route and altitude, terrain and obstacles, headings and fuel, the weather briefing, and the go or no-go decision.

      What it covers

      • PA.I.D Cross-Country Flight Planning · 9 questions
        ACS standard for PA.I.D

        You should be able to explain:

        • Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
          1. Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
        • Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.
        • Calculating:
          1. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
          2. Estimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
          3. Fuel requirements, including reserve
        • Elements of a VFR flight plan.
        • Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.
        • Inflight intercept procedures.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task I.D.

      Lesson 22: Dual cross-country

      Flight lesson · 4 hours, about 3 hours flying

      To an airport more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from where you took off, and back, planned with the performance charts and the weather, flown by pilotage, dead reckoning with the compass, VOR, and GPS, judging visibility and terrain on the way, with a diversion after that landing, what to do when lost, and an hour of it by instruments, using radio aids and ATC instructions.

      What it covers

      • PA.VI.A Pilotage and Dead Reckoning · 5 questions
        ACS standard for PA.VI.A

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Prepare and use a flight log.
        • Navigate by pilotage.
        • Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
        • Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
        • Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
        • Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
        • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.A.

      • PA.VI.B Navigation Systems and Radar Services · 10 questions
        ACS standard for PA.VI.B

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
        • Determine the airplane’s position using the navigation system.
        • Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
        • Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
        • Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
        • Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
        • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.B.

      • PA.VI.C Diversion · 1 question
        ACS standard for PA.VI.C

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Select a suitable destination and route for diversion.
        • Make a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel required to the “divert to” destination.
        • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
        • Update/interpret weather in flight.
        • Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.
        • Promptly divert toward the destination.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.C.

      • PA.VI.D Lost Procedures · 1 question
        ACS standard for PA.VI.D

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Use an appropriate method to determine position.
        • Maintain an appropriate heading and climb as necessary.
        • Identify prominent landmarks.
        • Use navigation systems/facilities or contact an ATC facility for assistance.
        • Select an appropriate course of action.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.D.

      • PA.VIII.F Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services · 2 questions
        ACS standard for PA.VIII.F

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Maintain airplane control while selecting proper communications frequencies, identifying the appropriate facility, and managing navigation equipment.
        • Comply with ATC instructions.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VIII.F.

      • Cross-country flight training, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(1)
      • 1 of the 3 hours by instruments, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(3)

      Lesson 23: Night cross-country

      Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2 hours flying, at night

      A night cross-country of more than 100 nautical miles in all, landing at an airport more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from where you took off.

      What it covers

      • Night cross-country of more than 100 nautical miles, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(2)(i)
      • PA.VI.A Pilotage and Dead Reckoning · review · 5 questions
        ACS standard for PA.VI.A

        On the checkride, you will:

        • Prepare and use a flight log.
        • Navigate by pilotage.
        • Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
        • Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
        • Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
        • Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
        • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

        From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.A.

      • PA.XI.A Night Operations · review · 15 questions
        ACS standard for PA.XI.A

        On the checkride, you will:

          From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task XI.A.

        Lesson 24: Solo cross-country

        Solo flight · about 2 hours

        Your first cross-country on your own, in daylight, to an airport more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from where you took off, after your instructor reviews your planning and the weather and endorses the flight, then three full-stop takeoffs and landings, each with a trip around the traffic pattern, at an airport while its control tower is open.

        What it covers

        • Solo cross-country endorsements, 14 CFR 61.93(c)
        • Solo endorsement current within 90 days, 14 CFR 61.87(p)(4)
        • Three solo full-stop takeoffs and landings at an airport with an operating control tower, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(5)(iii)
        • PA.VI.A Pilotage and Dead Reckoning · review · 5 questions
          ACS standard for PA.VI.A

          On the checkride, you will:

          • Prepare and use a flight log.
          • Navigate by pilotage.
          • Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
          • Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
          • Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
          • Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
          • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

          From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.A.

        Lesson 25: Second solo cross-country

        Solo flight · about 2 hours

        A different airport more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from where you took off, in daylight, planned on your own and endorsed by your instructor after a review of your planning and the weather.

        What it covers

        • Solo cross-country endorsement for this flight, 14 CFR 61.93(c)(3)
        • Solo endorsement current within 90 days, 14 CFR 61.87(p)(4)
        • Solo cross-country time, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(5)(i)
        • PA.VI.B Navigation Systems and Radar Services · review · 10 questions
          ACS standard for PA.VI.B

          On the checkride, you will:

          • Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
          • Determine the airplane’s position using the navigation system.
          • Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
          • Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
          • Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
          • Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
          • Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

          From the Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Task VI.B.

        Lesson 26: Long solo cross-country

        Solo flight · about 3.5 hours

        At least 150 nautical miles in all, in daylight, with full-stop landings at three airports, one leg of more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from takeoff to landing, and one landing more than 50 nautical miles in a straight line from where you took off, endorsed by your instructor after a review of your planning and the weather.

        What it covers

        • Long solo cross-country, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(5)(ii)
        • Solo cross-country endorsement for this flight, 14 CFR 61.93(c)(3)
        • Solo endorsement current within 90 days, 14 CFR 61.87(p)(4)

        Checkride preparation

        The knowledge test, every task flown to the standard the examiner will hold you to, and the oral exam.

        Lesson 27: The knowledge test

        Ground lesson · 3 hours

        A review of every knowledge area and the endorsement to take the FAA knowledge test, which you then take at a testing center before your checkride.

        What it covers

        • Knowledge test endorsement, 14 CFR 61.103(d)
        • The FAA knowledge test, passed within 24 calendar months before the checkride, 14 CFR 61.103(e) and 61.39(a)(1)

        Lesson 28: The oral exam

        Ground lesson · 3 hours

        Your certificate, the airplane's paperwork, and every area the examiner may ask about.

        What it covers

        • Every Area of Operation I task, as the examiner will ask it
        Study the whole Private Pilot Oral Exam guide →

        Lesson 29: Checkride maneuvers

        Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

        Every maneuver on the checkride, flown to the ACS standards, including half an hour by instruments.

        What it covers

        • Every flight task in the private pilot ACS
        • Checkride preparation within the 2 calendar months before the month of the test, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(4)
        • 0.5 of the 3 hours by instruments, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(3)

        Lesson 30: Solo checkride practice

        Solo flight · about 1.5 hours

        The checkride maneuvers on your own.

        What it covers

        • The checkride maneuvers that need the most work
        • Solo endorsement current within 90 days, 14 CFR 61.87(p)(4)

        Lesson 31: Checkride maneuvers, again

        Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

        The maneuvers that need the most work, emergencies, and flying by instruments.

        What it covers

        • The tasks that need the most work, and emergencies
        • Checkride preparation within the 2 calendar months before the month of the test, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(4)
        • 0.5 hours by instruments, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(3)

        Lesson 33: Mock checkride

        Flight lesson · 3 hours, about 2.2 hours flying

        A full practice checkride, a week or two before the real one, and the endorsement to take it. If the checkride moves to a later month, lessons 29 and 31 are flown again so that 3 hours of flight training stay within the 2 calendar months before it.

        What it covers

        • Every task in the private pilot ACS
        • Checkride preparation within the 2 calendar months before the month of the test, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(4)
        • Practical test endorsements, 14 CFR 61.103(f) and 61.39(a)(6)

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